Battery Management System (BMS): Used For Maintaining Safe Operating Limits And Calculating Secondary Data

Battery Management System

A Battery Management System (BMS) is an electronic system that keeps a rechargeable battery from operating outside of its safe operating limits. It does this by monitoring the condition of the battery, calculating secondary data, and reporting its status. Moreover, it balances the battery, authenticates its state, and controls the environment in which it is operating.

The Battery Management System (BMS) available can range from simple to complex and incorporate a variety of technologies. They are typically classified by topology, which is how they are installed and operate. This is an important aspect of a battery management system, as it is necessary for the safety and security of its users. Moreover, a battery management system must meet strict standards in order to be safe for use.

A BMS is programmed to monitor a battery's rated capacity by measuring its inflow-outflow coulombs. As the battery loses charge, the coulomb count decreases, making it difficult to calculate the full capacity. A BMS that monitors both inflows and outflows can give a more accurate reading. However, the coulomb-count measurement method is not very accurate in real-world use and can lead to confusion.

A Battery Management System (BMS) uses a microcontroller to collect information from the sensing circuitry and then uses it to make decisions about battery health and performance. A BMS can run in either a distributed or centralized model. The former type uses a single controller that processes the data from all monitoring modules. The latter type uses independent dividers. This type saves space and is more economical in terms of structure cost and running route. A BMS has multiple main functions, including voltage, state-of-charge estimation, charge-discharge process, balancing, heat management, and data communication.

A BMS can also assist in recharging the battery. A Battery Management System can monitor each cell and then leverage a transistor switch and a discharge resistor in parallel with each cell to help redirect excess current around the cells. The system can also provide a charging mechanism for the cells that are high in SOC. In October 2022, Sensata Technologies launched a novel battery management system, the Lithium Balance n3-BMS, for high-voltage applications. 

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